A Speck of Red

My helicopter, at the orchard.

Yesterday, after doing some cleanup in my camper, which is now parked at the orchard near my helicopter, I took a drive up the hillside behind the orchard. The road winds up and around, though thousands of acres of fruit trees. When I reached the tall antenna with its scary guy-wires, I spotted a trail from the main road. I parked the truck, grabbed my camera, and went for a tiny hike.

The goal was to shoot the orchard from the hillside behind it. I found a perfect spot and took this photo.

Orchard and Helicopter

CloseupIn the foreground, you can see the orchard’s upper reservoir. Farther down, beyond many cherry trees, is a smaller, algae-covered pond. There’s a parking area on the close side and you can see my trailer parked there. On the far side is a tiny, bright red speck. That’s my helicopter.

To be fair, my helicopter’s cockpit cover is on it, so it’s not fully exposed. I assume it would be a lot easier to see with the cover off. Before I relocate, I’ll pull the cover off, drive back up to this spot, and get a shot. Hopefully, it’ll be a crisper day and I’ll get up there while the light is still good.

In the close-up, you can see the taco truck that arrived not long after I left the orchard. The folks quit working at 10 AM (they start at 5 AM) because of excessive heat. It got up to 107°F in Wenatchee yesterday; I assume it got up to at least 100°F at the orchard some 1500 feet higher in elevation. The guys — mostly Mexican farm workers — were quitting for the day. The grower offers them soda pop and beer at day’s end; I assume they get lunch from the truck.

The helicopter is parked at the edge of the pond with one skid on the gently sloping embankment. A nice easy slope landing site. (And no, it won’t fall into the pond.) There’s a road between it and the shelter (dark reddish). They use the area for staging the cherries — loading them on a flatbed truck for transport up to the chillers and refrigerator truck in the main packing area. I’ll probably get some video footage of the operation later in the week for anyone who is interested. It’s amazing how much work goes into bringing cherries to market. Hard to imagine how anyone can make a profit with prices this year as low as $1/pound.

Not Ready for Solo?

This one is too absurd to pass up without comment.

I was going through the NTSB reports for helicopters today, looking for a specific accident in Arizona that hasn’t yet been listed on NTSB.gov. I did, however find this report that seems to indicate a training problem with a solo student pilot that has 64 hours of helicopter flight time:

According to the pilot, she departed Frederick Municipal Airport (FDK), Frederick, Maryland, about 0745, with an intended destination of Lancaster Airport (LNS), Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The pilot reported that she conducted the cruise portion of the flight at an altitude of 3,000 feet above mean sea level (msl), at an airspeed of approximately 110 knots. After she established communications with the LNS air traffic control tower, and was getting ready to begin her descent to the airport, the pilot noticed that the vertical speed indicator was indicating a descent of approximately 1,000 feet per minute, and that the airspeed was approximately 120 knots. The pilot “raised the collective” pitch control in an effort to reduce or stop the descent, but the helicopter did not respond as the pilot expected, and the descent continued. She determined that she would not be able to reach LNS, and selected a field suitable for a landing. The helicopter landed hard in a soybean field approximately 8 miles west-southwest of LNS. It remained upright, and the engine continued to run after touchdown, until the pilot shut it down using normal shutdown procedures.

The preliminary report goes on to say that when investigators tested the aircraft’s engine, they didn’t find anything wrong with it. It was up to date on all maintenance, the fuel samples were clear, and there was no evidence of a problem.

Is it me or is the problem as simple as what can be gleaned from the above-quoted paragraph? Let’s review:

  • The helicopter was descending at 1000 feet per minute, which is pretty quick, but not nearly as quick as an autorotation or a steep descent from altitude. (I commonly descend at at least 1500 feet per minute when coming off the Weaver Mountains (4500 feet) to Congress (3000 feet) toward Wickenburg (2400 feet).)
  • The helicopter’s airspeed was up to 120 knots from 110 knots. That’s fast, even for an R44. I normally cruise at 110 knots when alone; I have to push pretty hard to get it up to 120 knots without adding power or beginning a descent.
  • The pilot “raised the collective.” Helicopter Flying 101 says that when you pull pitch (raise collective) on a helicopter with a governor or a correlator (or both, as this helicopter has), you’re increasing power.

So the pilot is already zooming through the sky, but she adds power to stop the descent? Doesn’t she understand how the cyclic works? Pull it back to slow down. If you keep your power setting the same, you should also slow your descent rate.

Here’s what I think happened, based on the information provided in the preliminary report and a little research. The pilot was cruising at 3,000 feet. She was “getting ready to begin her descent” to an airport at an elevation of 403 — a required descent of 2600 feet. What she didn’t realize is that she had already begun the descent. Possibly with the airport in sight, she’d pushed the cyclic forward, perhaps to adjust the sight picture of the horizon before her. (This is something I recall doing more than once when I was a new pilot descending from altitude, so I can understand how she might do it, too.) The net result of a forward movement of the cyclic without a power change is to speed up and descend — which is exactly what happened. With a power setting of 18 to 20 inches of manifold pressure, she could easily get into this situation.

Rather than attempt to slow down by pulling the cyclic back, she elected to arrest descent by adding power. This would only make the problem worse if she didn’t add aft cyclic. It was probably a flare near the bottom — perhaps drilled into her by numerous practice autorotations — that slowed her down and enabled her to touch down without slamming any harder into the ground.

What should she have done? As soon as she realized she was going so fast and descending, she should have added aft cyclic. This should both slow her down and reduce her descent rate. It doesn’t matter how much power is available; if the rotors are not stalling, the helicopter will fly. Gentle aft cyclic should enable her to get a better idea of what the problem is — if there is indeed a problem.

But it’s hard to imagine a power problem if there’s no loss of RPM or yawing to the right — neither of which is mentioned as a symptom of the problem. And believe me, if a Robinson has low rotor RPM, you’ll know it — the damn horn starts blaring at 97% RPM; she would have had enough power to fly with RPM as low as 85% (or probably lower).

What do I take away from this? This solo student pilot was not prepared for her solo flight. She evidently did not understand how the controls work together to manage airspeed and climb or descent rates. (This may have something to do with her experience as an airplane pilot.) When she noticed the descent rate and high speed, she possibly panicked and did the first thing that came into her mind: raise the collective to stop the descent. But if she had been properly trained and knew what was going on, she would have reacted properly by simply pulling the cyclic back to slow down and reduce the descent rate.

As a result, a helicopter is destroyed, the NTSB is required to waste time and resources to investigate, and a student pilot, although lucky to be alive, has an accident on her record.

Ash Scattering Woes

Things don’t always go as planned.

I did an ash scattering the other day. Normally, that wouldn’t be a big deal. I’ve done ash scatterings before. (Read about two of them here and here.) But this one didn’t go exactly as planned.

By ash scattering, I mean the aerial scattering of cremains. Cremains is short for cremated remains. That’s what the next of kin get in a baggie and a box when someone is cremated. An ash scattering normally refers to scattering those remains over a large tract of empty land.

My Technique

I should start out by saying that I have ash scattering from a helicopter down to a science. After several trials, I’ve got a technique that works like a charm — for most scatterings, anyway. I get some tissue paper — the kind of paper you might put inside a gift box around a shirt or other item of clothing. I spread it out. The family (or friend) pours the cremains onto the paper. They gather up the corners and sides and twist them at the top to make a kind of paper package of the departed’s remains. This is all done inside, where there’s no chance the wind will foul things up.

Then we climb into the helicopter with the person responsible for scattering the cremains sitting behind me. All doors are on. I start up and fly to the location where the remains will be scattered. I climb to at least 1,000 feet over the target area. Then I bring the helicopter into a high hover — or at least a very slow flight speed.

We close all vents except the one in the ash scatterer’s door. The whole time we’ve been flying, he’s been holding the cremains in its paper package on his lap with the top still twisted closed. He untwists the top and grasps the package by its top. He slips it out through the vent and tosses it gently away from the helicopter.

The package is closed at first, but as it begins its tumbling descent, the wind whips it open. The ashes explode from the paper in a poof and drift away with the wind. The paper also falls to the ground, but since it’s thin, uncoated tissue paper, it’s likely broken down by the elements within a few months or a year.

I like this technique for several reasons:

  • It scatters the ashes with a certain amount of dignity. (One of my clients even bought their own tissue paper. It was printed with a pattern of shoes because the woman who was being scattered had liked shoes.)
  • It prevents the ashes from blowing back into the helicopter when dumped out.
  • It prevents the ashes or their packaging from creating a danger to the helicopter’s tail rotor or other parts.
  • It does an amazing job at scattering the ashes over a wide, open area.

Unfortunately, I didn’t use this technique on Saturday.

Saturday’s Scattering

Saturday’s ash scattering mission was tough for two reasons:

  • The next of kin were the adult children of the two cremated people they wanted to scatter. They were not small people. The lightest one weighed in at 216 pounds. Add me and you have four fatties on board.
  • The ashes were to be scattered over the family orchards, which covered a mere 30 or 40 acres and were surrounded by other farmland and orchards.

Clearly, I’d have to fly lower and use a different technique to scatter the ashes over such a small area. And because we were so heavy, I’d have to drain all but about 15 gallons of fuel out of the helicopter so I had the power I needed to fly low and slow without getting into trouble with the power curve.

We kept it simple. The ash scatterer would sit behind me and dump the two bags of ashes out through his vent. He’d do everything possible to make sure the bag opened on the outside of the helicopter. I made sure he clearly understood what would happen if he let go of the bag and it got into the tail rotor.

I examined both bags of cremains before the flight. The technology has come a long way. The mom’s ashes, created five years ago, were of a sand-like consistency, with very few grains larger than a tiny pebble. The dad’s ashes, created only recently, were powder-like.

We were all in good spirits when we did the flight. I took them out over the target area and made a high reconnoissance as they pointed out the orchard blocks. Apples, pears, and cherries. (Wash your fruit, readers!) The wind was coming from the west at about 7 miles per hour and would really help me deal with the weight I was carrying. I could point into the wind and fly on a diagonal while the scattering was being done behind me. But also to the west was a set of high tension power lines. If I got into a settling with power incident — which I’d have to identify before it became a problem — I’d have to avoid the wires on any kind of escape route. The best thing to do would be to keep moving at a speed above ETL. I’d come in from the northeast for my pass.

With that plan made, the ash scatterer prepared the first bag. I came in over the northeast corner of the first orchard block about 200-300 feet up. On my word, he began dumping ashes out of the helicopter. I could see through the corner of my eye how they streamed behind us. I pointed the helicopter into the wind and flew almost sideways to keep the ashes away from the aircraft as well as I could. I was probably doing about 20 knots ground speed.

The second bag had a small hole in it, which was discovered when the ash scatterer’s sister handed him the bag. (And yes, I still have bits of Mrs. B all over the back seat of the helicopter.) Those remains followed the first. I only had one moment when there was a power issue and I resolved it quickly by picking up speed.

Then we were done.

We made a pass over the family home before returning to the airstrip where I’m based for the summer. I set down on the concrete pad, cooled the engine, and shut down.

Cremains on Helicopter

The white dust you see is the cremated remains of Mr. & Mrs. B.

But it wasn’t until we got out of the helicopter that I noticed a fine dusting of Mr. and Mrs. B on the right side of my helicopter.

The family wasn’t the least bit upset about their parents hitching a ride on the side of the helicopter. Or even about bits of mom in the back seat. They were more concerned about cleaning it up for me. But I told them I’d take care of it, after making sure vacuum use wouldn’t bother them.

Then I did a complete walk around of the helicopter, opening up panels to make sure there were no traces of cremains inside any of the compartments. I also looked in the fan scroll area behind the engine. It looked clean, too. The only thing that looked as if it could be a problem was the air inlet behind the right passenger door. As shown in the photo below, it apparently got a heavy dose of dust.

The Extent of the Dusting

I flew the helicopter at least two more hours that day. I gave some rides to a grower’s kids and three hired hands. I flew to Cave B to join the ash scatterers for a celebratory lunch. I flew up the Columbia River as far as Chelan, where I spent the day with a friend, and flew back at high speed along the Waterville Plateau, landing at dusk in 95° heat.

The helicopter flew fine. Cylinder head temperature was up a bit more than average on the last flight of the day, but I figured that was due to my high speed and the hot temperatures. I’d seen it that high before when flying during Arizona summers. It wasn’t anywhere near red line — it was just a bit higher than the tickmark on the gauge where it normally sits.

I’d hoped that Mr. & Mrs. B would get blown off the aircraft, but they didn’t.

Cremains in Air Filter
Cremains sucked into the air intake on the side of the helicopter. The filter will be replaced today.

The air filter had me worried. It would likely need to be replaced. I called my Seattle mechanic on Sunday morning. He proceeded to tell me about all the damage that could be caused by the cremains. Best case scenario: none of it got into the engine. Worst case; it did and was already grinding away at moving engine parts. I was told that symptoms of a problem would include increased oil use and overheating. He promised to overnight the filter for Tuesday delivery.

I went out to the helicopter with a sponge and bucket of clean water and sponged Mr. & Mrs. B off the side of the helicopter. Today, when I go out to change the filter, I’ll bring along a vacuum and inverter so I can vacuum Mrs. B out of the back seat.

And I’ll monitor the helicopter’s operations closely in flight, keeping an eye out for overheating and other indications of a problem.

You can bet that the next time I scatter cremains, I’ll do it with tissue paper and a high altitude drop.

Women Pilots in Another Time

A video.

One of my Twitter friends, keech560, shared a link to this YouTube video. Although I don’t usually embed the videos I like on my blog, this was “a keeper” — a video I want to watch again and remember. It reminds me that women weren’t always accepted in aviation — or many other professions — and gives me an idea of what it must have been like to be the first woman airline pilot.

As you watch this, think about all the fine minds we’ve held back because of gender, race, or other factors. We’re all people; we can all achieve the same dreams — if given the chance.

Early Morning, Over the Orchards

More cherry drying stories.

I slept like crap last night. The wind was blowing hard and the awning of my camper was out, acting like a big sail. It caught the wind and tossed around the camper. Around 2 or 3 AM, it started drizzling just enough to make me wonder how hard it would rain. I dozed fitfully in all of this until around 4:30 AM, when the drizzle turned to a steady rainfall. It started getting light and I knew my phone would ring. I wanted to make sure I had some coffee in me before I had to go out.

I was contracted to dry cherry trees for three growers in the Quincy area. One grower had a “priority contract,” which meant he’d get dried first — if he called. He had 47 acres in Quincy and another 10 acres in East Wenatchee, a 10-minute flight away. The other two growers with their total of 27 acres would get dried afterwards in the order they called. And if I finished that, there was another 50 acres up for grabs in one 10-acre block and one 40-acre block.

My big worry was that I’d have to dry the 47 acres in Quincy, then shoot over to East Wenatchee to dry another 10 and shoot back before drying the 27 total acres belonging to the other two growers. I figured that with drying and travel time, I probably wouldn’t be able to get to that 27 acres for a good two hours after my start.

That was the worse case scenario. It’s also part of what kept me up last night — worries that I wouldn’t be able to provide prompt service to my growers. But, in my defense, the two non-primary growers knew what they were getting into when they signed the contract with me. They were paying considerably less in standby monies to be second and third on my list. They were willing to gamble; I’d just do my best to make everyone happy.

Yellow BlobI thought about this as I made my coffee and fired up my computer to check the weather. I also thought about the other ways the drying flight could play out — ways that were better for all concerned.

Radar showed a line of heavy rain moving west to east across the area. A big yellow blob was sitting right on top of my location at Quincy — which would explain the sound of heavy rain on the roof of my camper. The storm had already mostly passed through Wenatchee. I peeked out the window at the brightening sky and could clearly see where the storm front ended. Beyond it was clear sky. The wind had already died down.

I was sipping my coffee when the first call came. It was the orchard manager for a grower with 15 acres in Quincy. He was also the owner of the 10+40 additional acres that were at the bottom of the priority list. He told me it had stopped raining at the orchard and they needed me to dry. But they’d already picked most of the bings, so the only thing they needed drying in the main block was the sweethearts. He described where they were in relation to a house on the property. It was about 5 acres. When I was finished, I could do the 10 acres near his house. I told him I’d be at the orchard within 15 minutes and reminded him that his 10 acres needed to wait until I’d filled all the other requests. He understood.

I pulled on my flight suit and tank top. It was cold, so I zipped up securely. Then I grabbed my GPS, paperwork, and telephone and headed out the door. It had stopped raining by the time I got out of the truck at the helicopter and started pulling off the cover and tie-downs. It was already preflighted and fueled, but after putting the truck away, I did a good walk-around anyway.

That’s when the second call came. It was a grower with 12 acres in Quincy. I knew he’d started picking, and asked him where I should dry. He said that I may as well dry it all; the trees they’d picked were mixed in with the ones they hadn’t picked. He asked if the priority grower had called. “Not yet,” I said.

“Call me when you’re on your way,” he said. “I’ll have my wind machines running until you get here.”

They all knew that I wouldn’t start drying a block if wind machines were operating in it.

We said our goodbyes and hung up. Now I had two growers with 3 blocks in Quincy: 5 + 12 + 10 acres. The blocks were less than 2 minutes apart. This was looking good for everyone.

Unless the priority grower called.

MG

The first orchard I dried today. The black border indicates the entire orchard block. The blue is the area I understood needed to be dried. The rest was apparently already picked.

I climbed on board and started the engine. While the engine warmed up, I hooked up my cell phone to the intercom system and pulled on my helmet. I punched in the waypoint identifier for the first orchard. A few minutes later, I was climbing out, heading northwest. Within 6 minutes, I was dropping back down at the first orchard, setting in to begin my drying runs.

This first orchard had mature trees of mostly uniform height. I settled down between the first two rows with my skids about 5 feet over the tops of the trees and flew at about 5 knots. I twisted my head around to see where my downwash was going — it was covering the trees nicely. There was no wind — at least not enough to bother me — and I had no trouble turning at the end of the row and coming up the next row.

On the ground, I could see workers waiting by some storage sheds and the road. No one signaled to me or called me, so I just ignored them and and kept working my way back and forth, up and down the rows. I was at it for about 15-20 minutes. Then I was done.

I lifted off and headed in the direction of the 12-acre block. I punched it into the GPS so I could zero in on it without having to waste time looking for it. I had it in sight when I remembered to call the grower. “I’m coming in,” I told him.

JT

The second orchard block I dried today. You can see the pole for the wind machine in the middle of the block.

He had a wind machine running in the block and he hurried to shut it down. As I came down, I watched the pattern of the wind machine’s output on the tree tops. I chose the northwest (lower-left in the photo) corner of the block to begin. These trees were densely planted, but not quite as mature. I could tell from the start that going up every other aisle would throw enough air to dry them. The trouble was, the rows were so close together that I couldn’t always see the gap between them. That cleared up when I’d gotten about 10 rows into the orchard. Suddenly, there were long, white tarps in the empty space between the rows of trees. Well, most of them, anyway. It made it a lot easier to find where I needed to fly.

I was about halfway into it when my phone rang. It was the orchard manager, the guy with 10+40 more acres to dry. He wanted to know if the priority guy had called yet. I told him he hadn’t and that I’d do his 10 acres next.

“How about the North 40 block?” he asked. That was his 40 acres, which was about a 5 minute flight from where I was.

“If I don’t get any other calls, I can do that, too,” I said.

“What about the J and R block?”

He was referring to a 40-acre block owned by another grower. This other grower had another 40-acre block, bringing his cherry blocks to a total of 80 acres. I knew where they were and had their GPS coordinates. But I’d already warned him that I couldn’t take on that much more work. If he wanted those two blocks dried, he’d have to get on contract. I’d find him a pilot, and he’d have to pay standby costs. When I called and told him all this, he said he wasn’t interested. Now, true to form, he was trying to get drying service without being on contract. This really pissed me off and I wasn’t about to let him get away with it without paying a hefty premium.

“I spoke to him,” I said into my helmet’s microphone (and, hence, cellphone), “and told him he’d have to get on contract. He didn’t want to. If I have time, I can dry it, but he’ll have to pay more.” And then I quoted him a rate that was nearly three times what my contracted growers were paying. “It he wants to pay that,” I said, “let me know and I’ll go dry it.”

He told me he’d call back.

I finished up the orchard, being careful to avoid the wind machine tower and powerlines along the last row of trees. Then I pulled up and made the 60-second flight to the 10 acre block.

PB

The third block I dried.

The wind machine was still running when I arrived. I stayed high and called the grower. After a bunch of rings, it went through to voicemail. I was leaving him a message when I saw someone speeding to the base of the wind machine on a quad. A moment later, the blades slowed and stopped.

This block had big, wide aisles between rows of youngish trees. I could easily dry them by flying over every other aisle. The only obstruction was the wind machine tower in his block and another tower in an adjacent block that might be a bit close to my tail rotor when I turned. When I got close, I flew sideways down the aisle until I knew I’d cleared it, then turned and continued, pointing in the direction I was flying. I was finished in less than a half hour.

The grower called again. He wanted to know if the primary grower had called. He still hadn’t. But I wasn’t about to head on out to the North 40 block until I’d spoken to him. We discussed this and hung up as I left the block and started flying towards North 40. I called the primary grower. He said he was on his way to the orchard, but his manager said he didn’t think his cherries needed drying. He’d let me know.

So I flew out to the North 40 block. It was quite a distance from town — a good 15-minute drive on dirt roads — and I don’t have a photo of it. It’s basically an 80-acre block of well-irrigated land with cherries on the north half, apples (I think) on the south half, and a line of windbreaker trees between them. There’s a mobile home on part of the cherry block’s land and a 5-foot fence around the whole block.

The trees are very young and very widely spaced. I could fly up every third aisle at about 8-10 miles per hour and still get them all covered. Because there were no obstructions, the work went quick. I was on one of the last passes when a deer ran out from a row of cherries. It was inside the fence. I made a note to myself to tell the grower.

Then I was done. I’d flown nearly 2 hours straight and had about 1/3 tanks fuel left. I decided to refuel and give the primary grower another call. It was a 6-minute flight back to my base where I shut down, pulled my helmet off, and went about the task of adding 15 gallons of fuel to the main tank. I wanted to have enough fuel on board in case the primary grower needed me to dry all his blocks. But when I called him, he confirmed that the trees were okay. He was worried about the cherries getting beat up more than necessary and decided to take his chances with the moisture on them. And in East Wenatchee, it had hardly rained at all.

I thought I was done, but then my phone rang again. It was the manager for the first orchard. He told me I’d forgotten to dry three rows of sweethearts on the west side of the wind machine. His description confused me. He’d originally told me the cherries were behind the house. It wasn’t until I was airborne over the orchard again that he called and directed me to the orange shaded area shown in the first photo here. I hadn’t “forgotten.” He hadn’t told me they needed drying. It was a shame because it took another 1/2 hour to start up, fly out there, dry it, and fly back. If I’d known about the rows from the start, I could have probably knocked them off in 1/10 or 2/10 hour.

The sun had broken through the clouds by the time I landed back at my base. I made a beeline back to my camper for a bathroom, change of clothes, and cup of coffee. Outside, it was shaping up to be a very nice day.

I was done flying for the day. I’d logged 2.5 hours. It was 8:35 AM.

Later in the day, I spoke to the owner of the second block I’d dried. He complemented me on my flying and said he liked my helicopter. He said I’d done a great job and that I’d arrived at his place faster than any other pilot he’d ever hired. Then he said what they all say: “I hope I don’t have to call you again this season!”